1. Lehlabathe le lehlohlojane, mecha ea phatlalatso ea lehlabathe la quartz
1). Mecha ea litaba e le 'ngoe-ka 1829, Chelsea Water Supply Company e London, England, e ile ea aha tanka ea pele e liehang ea sefe bakeng sa tlhahiso ea 'nete. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tanka e tsamaeang butle, litšila tse emisitsoeng ka metsing li ntse li tsoela pele ho bokellana ka har'a lera la filthara, e leng se eketsang ho hanyetsa ho sefa 'me butle-butle ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho hloekisa. Ka hona, kamora likhoeli tse 2 ho isa ho tse 3 tsa ts'ebetso, e hloka ho nchafatsoa le ho khutlisetsoa ts'ebetsong. Ka 1885, Maamerika a ile a qapa tanka e potlakileng ea filthara 'me a haha tanka ea pele e potlakileng ea filthara ka 1909, e ileng ea ntlafatsa mefokolo ea tanka e liehang ea ho hloekisa' me ea eketsa lebelo la ho hloekisa haholo. Ka nako ena, ho sefa ha sefe{12}}e le 'ngoe feela, 'me lisebelisoa ke lehlabathe le lehlohlojane, lehlabathe la quartz, joalo-joalo.
2). Multi-likhokahano tsa lifilthara tse ngata Ka ntlafalo e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji ea ho sefa, bafuputsi ba malapeng le ba kantle ho naha ba sisintse ka ho latellanang-sefe ea litaba tse ngata. Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang haholo ka-lisefa tsa li-layer ho lits'ebetso li habeli-layer filter media le triple{7}}layer filter media. Ka 1940, United States e ile ea qala{10}} tanka ea ho sefa e habeli. Sefefo sena se sebelisa sesefo se bobebe se nang le boima bo tlase le boholo ba karoloana e kholo karolong e ka holimo, le lisebelisoa tse boima tsa sefe tse nang le sekhahla se phahameng le boholo bo nyane karolong e ka tlaase. Lintlha tsa ts'ebetso li bonts'a hore ts'ilafalo e ts'oereng ts'ilafalo ea -mosebetsi oa sefa o habeli ho feta oa -mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa sefe, 'me sekhahla sa ho sefa se eketsehile ka makhetlo a fetang 0.5. Patlisiso e mabapi le{17}}ea tekhenoloji ea sefa e meraro e qalile ka bo-1960, hangata e sebelisa mashala, lehlabathe, le garnet joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa sefe. Sekhahla sa ho sefa ha tanka ena ea sefe nakong ea ho sefeloa qalong e ka ba makhetlo a 3 ho feta-tanka e le 'ngoe ea sesefa se potlakileng le makhetlo a 2 ho feta a mashala-tanka ea lehlabathe le habeli{24}}ea lera.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, bafuputsi ba malapeng le bona ba entse lintlafatso tse tsamaellanang le thepa ea sefa, 'me e tloaelehileng ke motsoako oa lehlabathe la khabone le quartz. Zhang Sheng le ba bang ba Univesithi ea Tsinghua ba ithutile ka phekolo ea metsi a phahameng-a mohloli oa metsi a algae ka activated carbon{2}}quartz sand double{3}}layer deep bed filter. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore mochini o kentsoeng ka carbon-quartz sand double-sefe ea bethe e tebileng e nang le flotation filtration e kopantsoeng e na le kakaretso ea ho tlosoa ha algae ea 95.1%, sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha chlorophyll ea 92.2%, sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha turbidity sa 54.3%, sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha oksijene sa 636%. sekhahla sa ho tlosa chromaticity sa 86.4%.
3). Homogeneous filter media Bethe ea filthara e entsoeng ke mecha ea phatlalatso ea filthara e na le likaroloana tse kholo, tse mahareng le tse nyane karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha holimo ho ea tlase, 'me bongata ba bona bo lekana kapa bo haufi. Karo-karolelano e se nang letho ea mecha ea litaba ea filthara libakeng tse ka holimo le tse ka tlaase tsa bethe ea filthara e tšoana, e le hore boemo ba phallo ea metsi a bethe ea sefa le bona bo tšoane. Homogeneous filthara mecha ea litaba e ka hlola ho thibela metsi ka holim'a metsi, 'me li-flocs li kenella botebong ba bethe ea sefella ho fihlela phello ea ho sefa metsi a mangata le boleng bo botle ba metsi.
2. Ceramic granule filter media
Ho sibolloa ha ceramsite ho ka qalisoa morao ho 1885, empa ha e le hantle e ile ea ntlafatsoa ke SJHayde ka 1918. naha ea heso e ile ea qala ho ithuta tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea ceramsite mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1950. Ceramsite e entsoe ka masala a litšila tsa indasteri, litšila kapa lisebelisoa tse tala tsa liminerale tse lahliloeng le shale e tlase. Li-micropores tse ka hare ho ceramsite li na le li-porous, tse etsang hore ceramsite e be le litšobotsi tsa bongata bo fokolang ba bongata, matla a phahameng le lik'hemik'hale tse hanyetsanang le ho bola ha lik'hemik'hale. Sebaka se ikhethileng sa lisebelisoa tsa filtara ea ceramsite ke makhetlo a 6 ho isa ho a 8 ho feta a quartz sand filter, 'me porosity ke makhetlo a 1.7 ho isa ho 2.2 ea lehlabathe la quartz.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ceramsite e 'nile ea sebelisoa haholo e le setlolo sa phekolo ea likokoana-hloko bakeng sa metsi a litšila, se nang le phello e ntle ea ho hloekisa metsi a litšila,' me sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha ammonia nitrogen se ka fihla ho feta 90%. Kato et al. a sebelisa li-porous ceramic fillers ho hloekisa metsi a litšila a lijo. Ha nako ea ho boloka li-hydraulic e ne e le 30.17h, sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa ho tlosa COD se feta 87%. Hajoale, bafuputsi ba lehae le ba kantle ba thehile lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa sefa sa ceramsite joalo ka enzymatic ceramsite, spherical lightweight ceramsite, le nano{7}}modified ceramsite ho ipapisitsoe le ceramsite e tloaelehileng. Enzymatic ceramsite haholo-holo e sebelisa phello ea catalytic ea li-enzyme ho matlafatsa phello ea phekolo; ceramsite ea spherical lightweight e na le melemo ea sebaka se mahoashe, sekhahla se itekanetseng, matla a phahameng le ho hanyetsa likhohlano; nano-modified ceramsite e sebelisa nanotechnology ho fetola sefa. Bokaholimo ba lisebelisoa tsa filthara bo na le li-nanoparticles, tse etsang hore e be le matla a matla a kalafo.
3. Fetola lintho tse bonahalang
Ha ho nahanoa ka sebaka se lekanyelitsoeng sa holim'a lisebelisoa tsa filthara tse sebelisoang hangata joalo ka lehlabathe la quartz, ceramsite le anthracite, tefiso e mpe e holim'a maemo a sa jeleng paate kapa a sa tsitsang, bafuputsi ba thehile lisebelisoa tse fetotsoeng tsa filthara, tse fetohileng sehlooho se chesang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse batsi. Lintho tse fetotsoeng tsa filthara ke ho koahela lesela la sefa holim'a thepa ea sefahla sa thepa ka karabelo ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale, ka hona, e fetola thepa ea' mele le ea lik'hemik'hale e holim'a likaroloana tsa "filthara" ea mantlha, e ka ntlafatsang bokhoni ba sesebelisoa sa ho thibela tšilafalo le bokhoni ba eona ba ho bapatsa lintho tse itseng tse ikhethang, le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba metsi a litšila. Boitloaelo bo bonts'itse hore lisebelisoa tsa filthara tse fetotsoeng li ka eketsa sebaka se ikhethileng sa lisebelisoa tsa filthara le ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba eona ba ho bapatsa, e le hore ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea adsorption le oxidation e hlahisoang ke ho roala bokaholimo e ka sebelisoa ka botlalo ts'ebetsong ea ho kopana le lintho tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho, libaktheria le algae ka metsing. Feta mecha ea litaba e fetotsoeng e ke ke ea adsorb macromolecules le colloidal organic matter feela, empa e ka bapa le ho oxidize palo e kholo ea li-ion tsa tšepe e boima le lintho tse nyane tse qhibilihang ka har'a metsi, ka hona ho fihlela sepheo sa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba metsi ka botlalo.
1). Mecha ea litaba ea filthara e fetotsoeng bakeng sa kalafo ea likhoerekhoere Xiangyang e sebelisa montmorillonite e fetotsoeng le sepiolite ho hohela litšila tse tsoang metsing. Ho fumanoa hore ha metsi a e-na le litšepe tse ling tse kang tšepe, chromium, manganese, koporo le platinum, litsela tse se nang letho tsa litšepe tsa phetoho li hohela li-electrone tsa liathomo tse ling kapa lihlopha tse sebetsang linthong tse phelang, tse fetolang sebopeho sa lintho tse phelang, ho etsa hore ho be bonolo haholo ho khaola lik'hemik'hale tsa lintho tse ling, ho etsa hore ho be bonolo haholo ho bola ka botlalo ba lintho tse phelang. Moprofesa Gao Naiyun o ile a sebelisa seaparo sa alumina ho fetola lehlabathe la quartz ho tlosa lintho tse phelang le li-turbidity, 'me a fumana hore matšoao a TOC le CODMn ka har'a metsi a litšila a bontša hore ho roala ho ne ho le molemo ho feta lehlabathe le sa koahetsoeng. Lipatlisiso tsa kantle ho naha sebakeng sena li qalile pejana. Ka 1989, Jiban K.Satpathy o ile a koahela bokaholimo ba lehlabathe la quartz le sefiloeng ka boholo ba geometric ba 0.7mm ka tšepe ea nitrate. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore sebaka sa eona se eketsehile ka makhetlo a ka bang 40, se neng se ka tlosa cadmium, chromium le cyanide ka katleho ho tsoa metsing a litšila a cadmium le chromium plating. Ka 1996, Arun Joshi le ba bang ba Indian Institute of Technology ba ile ba sebelisa lehlabathe la iron oxide e tlositsoeng ka tšepe ea nitrate e tlositsoeng holim'a lehlabathe la quartz ka boholo ba geometric ba 0.49mm e le lisebelisoa tsa sefe ho etsa{16}sesebelisoa se bonolo sa ho tlosa arsenic ka tlung ho tlosa arsenic e nyane le e pentavalent metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše.
2). Mecha ea litaba ea filthara e fetotsoeng bakeng sa kalafo ea metsi Ha lipatlisiso mabapi le mecha ea litaba ea filthara e fetotsoeng bakeng sa tlhoekiso ea likhoerekhoere li ntse li eketseha, lipatlisiso tsa ho hloekisa metsi le tsona li qalile. Zhou Yuexi le ba bang ba fumane hore lehlabathe la quartz le fetotsoeng holim'a metsi le khona ho tlosa phosphates e qhibilihang metsing, 'me sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha li-ion tse boima tse kang Cr{3} le Cu{4}} li ka holimo ho 90%; Maeda le ba bang ba Japane ba ile ba tlotsa ferric hydroxide holim'a coral stone ho fumana tšepe-coral stone filter material, e ka khonang ho monya pentavalent arsenic metsing ho fihla holim'a tšepe{7}}coral stone; mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990, Moprofesa Benjamin le litho tsa sehlopha sa hae sa liphuputso ba ile ba qala ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fetotsoeng tsa sefe ho hloekisa metsi; Stenkamp le ba bang ba sebelisitse tšepe{9}lisebelisoa tse fetotsoeng tsa lehlabathe la quartz bakeng sa liteko tsa ho sefa ho tlosa likaroloana tsa motsoako oa tšepe o nang le cheji e ntle le likaroloana tsa emulsion tse nang le matla a fosahetseng. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lisebelisoa tsa filthara tse fetotsoeng li ne li phahametse lehlabathe la quartz la mantlha hoo e ka bang litekong tsohle. Thepa e fetotsoeng ea filthara e na le litšoaneleho tsa bokhoni bo matla ba motlakase oa adsorption, nako e khuts'oane ea kholo, 'me e ka fokotsa bongata ba coagulant; Jerzy Lu Kasik et al. lehlabathe le koahetsoeng ka tšepe ea hydroxide le aluminium hydroxide ho fetola lisebelisoa tsa filthara ho tlosa likokoana-hloko ka metsing. Liphello li bontšitse hore litekanyetso tsa ho tlosoa ha Escherichia coli, libaktheria tsa k'holera, kokoana-hloko ea polio 1, le Escherichia coli phage MS-2 metsing kaofela li ne li le ka holimo ho 99%.